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Sepsis is an illness that affects nearly 50 million people worldwide each year, with around 11 million deaths attributed to the condition. In the United States, at least 1.7 million adults in the US develop sepsis annually, and nearly 270,000 die as a result, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says. It affects 245,000 people in the UK each year, with around 48,000 deaths, according to the UK Sepsis Trust. World Sepsis Day commemorated on 13th September every year, strives to raise global awareness of the life-threatening condition. The day is seen as “an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against sepsis,” the Global Sepsis Alliance says. Here is everything you need to know about sepsis: What is sepsis? Sepsis Research says when the condition strikes, the immune system “overreacts” and begins to attack the infection and everything else around it “including the body’s own tissues and organs.” “Any type of infection — bacterial, viral or fungal — can lead to sepsis,” it adds. When sepsis occurs, it can cause inflammation and cause blood clotting around the body, if it does not get treated, it can result in death, organ failure and tissue damage, CDC says. Sepsis cannot be caught from another person, the NHS explains. What are the symptoms? The World Health Organisation (WHO) explains that the condition is a “medical emergency,” so if you think a person is exhibiting signs of sepsis or if you are showing signs – make sure you call 999 or go to the emergency room immediately. According to WHO, common signs and symptoms include: • Fever or low temperature and shivering • Confusion • Difficulty breathing • Clammy or sweaty skin • Extreme body pain or discomfort • High heart rate, weak pulse or low blood pressure • Low urine output Symptoms in children include: • Fast breathing • Convulsions • Pale skin • Lethargy • Difficulty waking up • Feeling cold to touch What are the causes? The Mayo Clinic says any type of infection can lead to sepsis and those that more commonly cause the condition include infections of: • Lungs, such as pneumonia • Kidney, bladder and other parts of the urinary system • Digestive system • Bloodstream • Catheter sites • Wounds or burns “Sepsis often presents as the clinical deterioration of common and preventable infections such as those of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tract, or of wounds and skin. Sepsis is frequently under-diagnosed at an early stage - when it still is potentially reversible,” the Global Sepsis Alliance says. Who is most at risk? The people most at risk of the condition, according to Mayo Clinic, are: • People with lower immune response, such as those being treated for cancer • People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). • People with chronic diseases such as diabetes kidney disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). • people who are in intensive care or longer hospital stays. • People over the age of 65 • Infants How many cases are there globally? The WHO says a scientific publication estimated that in 2017 there were 48.9 million cases and 11 million sepsis-related deaths worldwide, which accounted for almost 20 per cent of all global deaths. That same year, almost half of all global sepsis cases occurred among children with an estimated 20 million cases and 2.9 million global deaths in children under 5 years of age. How can it be prevented? The Global Sepsis Alliance says the best to to avoid sepsis is by preventing infection. This can be done by undergoing vaccinations, ensuring that you only come into contact with clean water, washing your hands properly and if you are giving birth - making sure it is in a clean and sterilised environment. Can sepsis be treated? Sepsis can be treated with appropriate treatment such as antibiotics – this should be given as soon as possible. The CDC says sometimes “surgery is required to remove tissue damaged by the infection”. “Antibiotics are critical tools for treating life-threatening infections, like those that can lead to sepsis,” the CDC adds. Read More 5 things everyone needs to know about eczema 13 potential cancer symptoms you should get checked out How can I improve my teenager’s low mood? Duran Duran’s Andy Taylor says he’s ‘asymptomatic’ after end-of-life diagnosis Nine hours of parallel surgery: how Britain’s first womb transplant was carried out Bursts of activity that make you huff and puff ‘linked to reduced cancer risk’

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A top Russian naval officer who Ukraine claimed was killed in a missile strike has been seen in a new video released by Russia, sparking confusion among the war-hit country’s officials. Ukraine’s special forces on Monday had claimed Russian admiral Viktor Sokolov and 33 other officers were killed in a missile strike carried out on the Black Sea Fleet’s headquarters in Sevastopol in Crimea. The video released by Russia’s defence ministry on Tuesday, however, showed Black Sea Fleet commander Sokolov appearing on a video conference call with Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu. It remains unclear when the video was recorded. While it is not clear how Ukraine counted casualties in the Sevastopol operation, Anton Gerashchenko, an adviser to Ukraine’s minister of internal affairs, had earlier posted the admiral’s name and photo on social media. Ukraine now says it is working to “clarify” earlier reports. Russia has not issued any direct rebuttal of Ukraine’s claims, which is consistent with its stance of maintaining silence on significant battlefield losses. “As is known, 34 officers were killed as a result of a missile attack on the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation. Available sources claim that among the dead was the commander of the Russian Army. Many still have not been identified due to the disparity of body fragments,” Ukraine’s special forces said on their official Telegram channel. “Since the Russians were urgently forced to publish an answer with an apparently alive Sokolov, our units are clarifying the information,” it said. The video from Tuesday showed defence minister Shoigu talking about a drill he claimed Russia’s Pacific fleet had completed a day earlier, as several top officers appeared on a big screen in the room. Admiral Sokolov is also seen in a video screen but in a different location, with only a flag seen in the backdrop behind him. He is also not heard speaking in the video. While this appears to be a signal from Moscow that the admiral is still alive, Russia has not released any details to prove when the video conference took place. In its earlier update on the Sevastopol strike, Ukraine’s special forces said the air force fired 12 missiles on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters as it targeted areas where personnel, military equipment and weapons were concentrated. Two anti-aircraft missile systems and four Russian artillery units were hit, special forces said. It was a rare direct claim of responsibility from Ukraine for an attack on either Russian soil or a target in Crimea, which Russia has occupied since its illegal annexation in 2014. Moscow-installed authorities in Sevastopol are reported to be taking extra defensive measures in the face of Ukraine’s increased attacks on Crimea in recent days. Sevastopol is a critical region providing a platform from which Russia has launched many of its air attacks on Ukraine in the 19-month-long war. Read More Russia remains silent as Ukraine claims Black Sea Fleet commander among 34 officers killed Putin’s Black Sea fleet commander ‘killed in navy attack’ as Ukraine breakthrough triggers ‘panic’ Russia’s Lavrov rubbishes Ukraine peace plan and warns conflict will be resolved on battlefield Ukraine-Russia war – live: Putin planning new ‘assault units’ despite Moscow’s ‘mobilisation issues’