National security adviser Jake Sullivan has told lawmakers that the White House is not seeking to place conditions on U.S. military assistance to Israel

The meaning of life is the ultimate mystery – why do we exist? And is there a point to… well… anything? These are questions to which we may never find answers, but at least we can define what “life” means in scientific terms. And yet, our understanding of what life is is changing all the time, thanks to space exploration. As scientists continue to hunt for life beyond our own world, biologists are having to rethink the meaning of the word “life” itself. Sign up for our free Indy100 weekly newsletter Generally, biologists explain “life” as connoting a self-sustaining chemical system which is capable of performing functions such as eating, metabolising, excreting, breathing, moving, growing, reproducing, and responding to external stimuli. This definition works pretty well here on Earth (although there are some important exceptions, such as viruses), but experts have pointed out that if life exists elsewhere in the universe, it may not display the same properties that we’re used to. Indeed, it might be unrecognisable as life as we know it (forget those little green men). In which case, how will we spot it if it ever crosses our path? Astrobiologist Sara Imari Walker and chemist Lee Cronin think they’ve come up with a solution. The pair are now arguing that highly complex molecules found in all living creatures can’t exist thanks purely to chance. Therefore, they say, the universe must have a way of creating and reproducing complex information and retaining a “memory” of all of this.. In an interview with New Scientist, Walker, of Arizona State University, explained their radical idea on how objects come into existence. The concept, known as Assembly Theory, explains why certain complex objects have become more abundant than others by considering their histories. If the theory proves correct, it will redefine what we mean by “living” things and show that we’ve been going about the search for extraterrestrial life all wrong. In the process, we could even end up creating alien life in a laboratory, she stressed. In her discussion with New Scientist, Walker pointed out: "An electron can be made anywhere in the universe and has no history. You are also a fundamental object, but with a lot of historical dependency. You might want to cite your age counting back to when you were born, but parts of you are billions of years older. "From this perspective, we should think of ourselves as lineages of propagating information that temporarily finds itself aggregated in an individual." Assembly theory predicts that molecules produced by biological processes must be more complex than those produced by non-biological processes, as Science Alert notes. To test this, Walker and her team analysed a range of organic and inorganic compounds from around the world and outer space, including E. coli bacteria, urine, meteorites and even home-brewed beer. They then smashed up the compounds into smaller pieces and used mass spectrometry to pinpoint their molecular building blocks. They calculated that the smallest number of steps required to reassemble each compound from these building blocks was 15. And whilst some compounds from living systems needed fewer than 15 assembly steps, no inorganic compounds made it above this threshold. "Our system … allows us to search the universe agnostically for evidence of what life does rather than attempting to define what life is," Walker, Cronin, and others wrote in a 2021 Nature Communications article. The handy thing about this building block system – which they’ve dubbed the “'molecular assembly index” – is that it doesn’t rely on carbon-based organic materials to be identified. In other words, an alien could be made of entirely different stuff entirely and we’d still be able to spot it as life using the index. It also works regardless of what stage of “life” an extraterrestrial being is in – whether it is still in its infancy or has moved into a technological stage beyond our understanding. That’s because all of these states produce complex molecules which couldn’t exist in the absence of a living system. If all of this is hurting your head, let’s just get back to the basics: if there is a secret to life, it might all be down to what we do, not what we are. Have your say in our news democracy. Click the upvote icon at the top of the page to help raise this article through the indy100 rankings.

Without warning on Saturday, Gaza’s militant Hamas rulers attacked Israel by air, land and sea

A poem written for President Joe Biden’s inauguration has been placed on a restricted list at a South Florida elementary school after one parent's complaint

L. Lin Wood, a Georgia attorney who was part of the legal team that attempted to overturn the result of the 2020 presidential election, has said he will retire from the practice of law. Mr Wood sent a letter to top officials at the State Bar of Georgia on Tuesday asking that he be permitted to transfer to “Retired Status” effective immediately. Mr Wood writes that he understands that by taking retired status he would no longer be allowed to practise law in Georgia or any other state or jurisdiction and that he would not be allowed to apply for re-admission. Mr Wood’s decision to end his legal career comes he deals with a range of legal headaches in the wake of his work for Mr Trump’s campaign following the 2020 election. According to reporting by The Daily Beast, the Georgia Bar held a disciplinary trial for Mr Wood in May and was weighing whether to disbar him. Mr Wood is also reportedly facing a potential misconudct case in Michigan over his election work as well as a defamation lawsuit from a former political ally. Given the timing of the request, it is not yet clear whether the Georgia state bar will allow Mr Wood to move to retirement status and prematurely end its disciplinary proceeding against him. Mr Wood was one of a number of Trump attorneys sanctioned by a federal judge in Michigan two years over his role in filing a lawsuit that sought to have President Joe Biden’s victory in the state thrown out and the state’s electoral votes awarded to Mr Trump. The judge in that case, US District Judge Linda Parker, agreed with Gov Gretchen Whitmer that the lawsuit had been filed for an “improper purpose” and wrote in her opinion that the attorneys’ conduct “warrants a referral for investigation and possible suspension or disbarment.” Mr Wood’s legal efforts in the aftermath of the 2020 election were spectacularly unsuccessful — Mr Trump’s legal team did not succeed in reversing the result of a single state they took action in and were only successful in one of the more than 60 lawsuits they filed regarding the race. Mr Wood is far from the only Trump election lawyer in professional trouble. John Eastman is facing potential disbarment in California, while Jeffrey Clark, who was serving as assistant attorney general at the Department of Justice, is facing disciplinary proceedings at the District of Columbia Bar. Mr Trump himself remains under criminal investigation in Georgia for his alleged attempts to interfere in the election. Read More Trump news – live: Trump likened to American traitor Benedict Arnold as he posts bizarre 4th of July messages Trump mocked for bizarre July 4 AI image: ‘He’d sell us out faster than Benedict Arnold’

Kevin McCarthy launched an aggressive defence of Donald Trump after his indictment on 37 counts of mishandling top secret documents. “This is going to disrupt this nation because it goes to the core of equal justice for all which is not being seen today,” the Republican House Speaker told Fox News on Friday. “And we're not going to stand for it.” Mr McCarthy’s comments came after the Department of Justice unsealed a 49-page indictment which laid out in extraordinary detail Special Counsel Jack Smith’s 15-month investigation into Mr Trump’s “willful defiance” of efforts to retrieve the materials. The indictment painted a damning picture of Mr Trump’s reckless storage of top secret material he took to Mar-a-Lago after leaving the White House, and his efforts to obstruct investigators. The classified material included nuclear secrets, war plans, and vulnerabilities of the United States and its allies. Mr Trump told lawyers tasked with complying with a DOJ subpoena that he didn’t want “anyone going through my boxes”, according to the indictment. Mr McCarthy, who is struggling to hold on to the House leadership, called the indictment a “dark day for America”. “You've got a sitting president right now in the exact same situation. You have a former first lady, senator, secretary of state, that had the same situation that nothing was done to,” he told Fox News. Republicans also rushed to defend Mr Trump despite the seemingly overwhelming evidence presented in the 49-page indictment. “We have now reached a war phase. Eye for an eye,” Arizona Congressman Andy Biggs wrote on Twitter. Elise Stefanik, the number three House Republican, tweeted that she was committed to “holding government officials accountable for their endless illegal witch hunt against President Trump”. Missouri Senator Josh Hawley wrote: “If the people in power can jail their political opponents at will, we don’t have a republic.” And Marco Rubio, the Florida senator, said: “There is no limit to what these people will do to protect their power & destroy those who threaten it, even if it means ripping our country apart & shredding public faith in the institutions that hold our republic together.” However, the indictment comes not from political rivals or even from prosecutors but from a grand jury. Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was investigated by the FBI in 2016 for her handling of classified material, who opted not to charge her after saying she had been “extremely careless”. President Joe Biden and Trump’s vice president Mike Pence were found to have retained classified materials, but complied with efforts by the National Archive to return them. Read More Trump news — latest: Trump ‘plotted to hide documents from FBI after showing military docs to visitors’ Jonathan Turley tells Fox News the Trump indictment is ‘extremely damning’ and a ‘hit below the waterline’ Trump praised attorney for deleting Hillary Clinton’s 30,000 emails, indictment shows Trump described Pentagon ‘plan of attack’ and shared classified military map with PAC member, indictment shows Ivanka and Jared split over attending Trump 2024 launch – follow live Why was Donald Trump impeached twice during his first term? Four big lies Trump told during his 2024 presidential announcement

U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin has arrived in the Israeli city of Tel Aviv to meet with senior government leaders and see firsthand some of the U.S. weapons and security assistance that Washington rapidly delivered to Israel in the first week of its war with Gaza's militant Hamas rulers

The 'father of the atomic bomb' counted the Hindu holy book Bhagavad Gita as one of his favourites.

Alvina Anderson had earlier filed for divorce in 2015 where she mentioned irreconcilable differences

Iconic red cedars — known as the “Tree of Life” — and other tree species in the Pacific Northwest have been dying because of climate-induced drought, researchers say

A long-awaited proposal to finance a Major League Baseball stadium on the Las Vegas Strip is scheduled for its first public hearing at the Nevada Legislature

Rudy Giuliani concedes he made defamatory statements about Georgia election workers Ruby Freeman and Shaye Moss in an effort to resolve their lawsuit against him and to satisfy a judge who has considered sanctioning him.